According to expectancy theory, what are the three components that influence motivation?

Expectancy theory, developed by Victor Vroom, posits that motivation is influenced by three key components: valence, instrumentality, and expectancy.

Valence refers to the value an individual places on the rewards of an outcome; it reflects how attractive the outcome is to the person. If the outcome is deemed valuable, the motivation to achieve it increases.

Instrumentality is the belief that a certain level of performance will lead to a particular outcome or reward. In essence, if individuals perceive that their efforts will directly result in a desirable reward, they are more likely to be motivated to perform well.

Expectancy is the belief that one’s effort will lead to the desired performance level. In other words, if a person believes that they can succeed in achieving the performance standards set, their motivation to exert effort toward that goal rises.

Together, these elements demonstrate how individuals assess the likelihood of success and the value of the rewards associated with their efforts, thereby guiding their motivation and behavior in organizations. This understanding is fundamental in effectively managing and motivating employees within an organization.